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NOUN ~ Singular Plural


📘 200 Exam-Based Singular–Plural Words

A. Internal Vowel Change

1. Man → Men


2. Woman → Women


3. Tooth → Teeth


4. Foot → Feet


5. Goose → Geese


6. Mouse → Mice


7. Louse → Lice




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B. Same in Singular & Plural

8. Sheep → Sheep


9. Deer → Deer


10. Fish → Fish (but fishes = different species)


11. Aircraft → Aircraft


12. Species → Species


13. Series → Series


14. Salmon → Salmon


15. Swine → Swine




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C. -f / -fe → -ves

16. Leaf → Leaves


17. Knife → Knives


18. Wife → Wives


19. Wolf → Wolves


20. Life → Lives


21. Calf → Calves


22. Half → Halves


23. Loaf → Loaves


24. Thief → Thieves


25. Shelf → Shelves
⚠️ Exception: belief → beliefs, roof → roofs




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D. -o Ending (mixed)

26. Hero → Heroes


27. Potato → Potatoes


28. Tomato → Tomatoes


29. Echo → Echoes


30. Veto → Vetoes


31. Mango → Mangoes


32. Piano → Pianos


33. Photo → Photos


34. Dynamo → Dynamos


35. Solo → Solos




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E. Latin / Greek Origin (scholarly words)

36. Alumnus → Alumni


37. Alumna → Alumnae


38. Medium → Media


39. Memorandum → Memoranda


40. Bacterium → Bacteria


41. Datum → Data


42. Curriculum → Curricula


43. Formula → Formulae / Formulas


44. Radius → Radii


45. Stimulus → Stimuli


46. Terminus → Termini


47. Syllabus → Syllabi / Syllabuses


48. Nucleus → Nuclei


49. Fungus → Fungi


50. Focus → Foci / Focuses


51. Index → Indices / Indexes


52. Appendix → Appendices / Appendixes


53. Matrix → Matrices


54. Vertex → Vertices


55. Vortex → Vortices


56. Axis → Axes


57. Crisis → Crises


58. Thesis → Theses


59. Hypothesis → Hypotheses


60. Analysis → Analyses


61. Diagnosis → Diagnoses


62. Oasis → Oases


63. Basis → Bases


64. Phenomenon → Phenomena


65. Criterion → Criteria


66. Automaton → Automata


67. Gymnasium → Gymnasia


68. Symposium → Symposia


69. Erratum → Errata


70. Stratum → Strata




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F. Double Plurals (different meanings)

71. Genius → Geniuses (talented people) / Genii (guardian spirits)


72. Index → Indexes (books) / Indices (math, science)


73. Formula → Formulas (ordinary) / Formulae (scientific)


74. Medium → Mediums (fortune tellers) / Media (mass communication)


75. Appendix → Appendixes (books) / Appendices (anatomy, technical)


76. Fish → Fish (uncountable) / Fishes (varieties)


77. Cloth → Cloths (fabric) / Clothes (garments)


78. Die → Dice (gaming) / Dies (machines)


79. Penny → Pennies (coins) / Pence (currency)


80. Brother → Brothers (family) / Brethren (religious group)




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G. Old English/Archaic Forms

81. Child → Children


82. Ox → Oxen


83. Cow → Kine (archaic, rare)


84. Brother → Brethren (archaic plural)




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H. Foreign Words (still irregular in English)

85. Cactus → Cacti / Cactuses


86. Fungus → Fungi / Funguses


87. Larva → Larvae


88. Vertebra → Vertebrae


89. Formula → Formulae


90. Papyrus → Papyri


91. Stigma → Stigmata


92. Schema → Schemata


93. Antenna → Antennae / Antennas


94. Arena → Arenae


95. Nebula → Nebulae


96. Diploma → Diplomas / Diplomata


97. Encyclopedia → Encyclopaediae (rare, old use)


98. Arcanum → Arcana


99. Encomium → Encomia


100. Millennium → Millennia




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I. Compound Nouns

101. Passer-by → Passers-by


102. Father-in-law → Fathers-in-law


103. Commander-in-chief → Commanders-in-chief


104. Man-of-war → Men-of-war


105. Son-in-law → Sons-in-law


106. Daughter-in-law → Daughters-in-law


107. Step-son → Step-sons


108. Maid-servant → Maid-servants


109. Man-servant → Men-servants


110. Woman-doctor → Women-doctors




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J. Miscellaneous Irregulars

111. Person → People (but persons in legal use)


112. Footman → Footmen


113. Workman → Workmen


114. Policeman → Policemen


115. Gentleman → Gentlemen


116. Scotsman → Scotsmen


117. Irishman → Irishmen


118. Frenchman → Frenchmen


119. Englishman → Englishmen


120. Huntsman → Huntsmen




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K. Rare/Exam Favorites

121. Cherub → Cherubim / Cherubs


122. Seraph → Seraphim / Seraphs


123. Calx → Calces


124. Corpus → Corpora


125. Opus → Opera


126. Lexis → Lexes


127. Chassis → Chassis


128. Bison → Bison


129. Moose → Moose


130. Grouse → Grouse


131. Swine → Swine


132. Yoke → Yoke


133. Gallows → Gallows


134. Premises → Premises (always plural)


135. Riches → Riches (plural only)


136. Scissors → Scissors (plural only)


137. Tongs → Tongs (plural only)


138. Spectacles → Spectacles (plural only)


139. Tidings → Tidings


140. Wages → Wages




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L. Special Latin Plurals (High-Level)

141. Addendum → Addenda


142. Agenda → Agenda (plural in origin but used singular now)


143. Emendation → Emendanda


144. Memorandum → Memoranda


145. Referendum → Referenda


146. Stadium → Stadia / Stadiums


147. Theorem → Theorems


148. Curriculum vitae → Curricula vitae


149. Agendum → Agenda


150. Libretto → Libretti




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M. Advanced Greek Words

151. Stigma → Stigmata


152. Dogma → Dogmata / Dogmas


153. Drama → Dramas / Dramata


154. Rhetor → Rhetors


155. Lexicon → Lexica / Lexicons


156. Cyclops → Cyclopes


157. Polyp → Polyps / Polypi


158. Trochus → Trochi


159. Platypus → Platypuses / Platypi


160. Octopus → Octopuses / Octopodes




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N. Words with Dual Forms (Both Correct)

161. Stadium → Stadiums / Stadia


162. Syllabus → Syllabuses / Syllabi


163. Index → Indexes / Indices


164. Formula → Formulas / Formulae


165. Curriculum → Curriculums / Curricula


166. Medium → Mediums / Media


167. Appendix → Appendixes / Appendices


168. Phenomenon → Phenomena


169. Memorandum → Memoranda / Memorandums


170. Datum → Data




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O. Odd Plurals (Special)

171. Louse → Lice


172. House → Houses


173. Mouse → Mice


174. Dice → Dice


175. Goose → Geese


176. Manservant → Menservants


177. Stepchild → Stepchildren


178. Countryman → Countrymen


179. Gentleman → Gentlemen


180. Salesman → Salesmen




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P. Plurals with Different Meanings

181. Cloth → Cloths (fabric) / Clothes (garments)


182. Custom → Customs (duties)


183. Moral → Morals (ethics)


184. Force → Forces (army)


185. Work → Works (factory/literary works)


186. Colour → Colours (flag, emblem)


187. Quarter → Quarters (lodging)


188. Good → Goods (property)


189. Iron → Irons (fetters)


190. Letter → Letters (literature)




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Q. Higher-Level / Rare Plurals

191. Alga → Algae


192. Larva → Larvae


193. Antithesis → Antitheses


194. Paradox → Paradoxes


195. Axis → Axes


196. Ellipsis → Ellipses


197. Parenthesis → Parentheses


198. Synopsis → Synopses


199. Oasis → Oases


200. Thesis → Theses

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